A migration is a deployment script meant to alter the state of your application’s contracts, moving it from one state to the next. (More about migrations in the Truffle documentation).

Create the migration scripts

Open the migrations/ directory and you will see one JavaScript file: 1_initial_migration_js. This handles deploying the Migrations.sol contract to observe subsequent smart contract migrations, and ensures we don't double-migrate unchanged contracts in the future.

Now we are ready to create our own migration script.

1. Create a new file named 2_deploy_contracts.js in the migrations/ directory.

2. Add the following content to the 2_deploy_contracts.js file:

var Adoption = artifacts.require("Adoption");module.exports = function(deployer) {
  deployer.deploy(Adoption);
};

Configure the migration networks in truffle.js

Now we are almost ready to deploy to TomoChain. Let’s see how to deploy your smart contract to a custom provider, any blockchain of your choice, like TomoChain.

Before starting the migration, we need to specify the blockchain where we want to deploy our smart contracts, specify the address to deploy — the wallet we just created, and optionally the gas, gas price, etc.

1. Install Truffle’s HDWalletProvider, a separate npm package to find and sign transactions for addresses derived from a 12-word mnemonic — in a certain blockchain. (Read more about HDWalletProvider.)

npm install truffle-hdwallet-provider

2. Open truffle.js file (truffle-config.js on Windows). You can edit here the migration settings: networks, chain IDs, gas... The current file has only a single network defined, you can define multiple. We will add three networks to migrate our DApp: development, tomotestnet and tomomainnet.

The official TomoChain documentation — Networks is very handy. Both Testnet and Mainnet network configurations are described there. We need the RPC endpoint, the Chain id and the HD derivation path.

Replace the truffle.js file with this new content:

'use strict'var HDWalletProvider = require("truffle-hdwallet-provider");var mnemonic = '<PUT YOUR WALLET 12-WORD RECOVERY PHRASE HERE>';module.exports = {
  networks: {
    development: {
      provider: () => new HDWalletProvider(
        mnemonic,
        "http://127.0.0.1:8545",
      ),
      host: "127.0.0.1",
      port: "8545",
      network_id: "*", // Match any network id
    },
    ​tomotestnet: {
     ​provider: () => new HDWalletProvider(
       ​mnemonic,
       ​"https://rpc.testnet.tomochain.com",
       ​0,
       ​1,
       ​true,
       ​"m/44'/889'/0'/0/"
     ​)
     ​network_id: "89",
     ​gas: 2000000,
     ​gasPrice: 10000000000000
   ​},
   tomomainnet: {
      provider: () => new HDWalletProvider(
        mnemonic,
        "https://rpc.tomochain.com",
        0,
        1,
        true,
        "m/44'/889'/0'/0/",
      ),
      network_id: "88",
      gas: 2000000,
      gasPrice: 10000000000000,
    }
  }
};

3. Remember to update the truffle.js file using your own wallet recovery phrase. Copy the 12 words obtained previously and paste it as the value of the mnemonic variable.

var mnemonic = '<PUT YOUR WALLET 12-WORD RECOVERY PHRASE HERE>';

Done. Please, notice the tomotestnet network will be used to deploy our smart contract. We have also added the tomomainnet network, in case you want to deploy to TomoChain Mainnet. However, if you are familiar with Ganache, you could use the development network to do the local test as well if you want to. Ganache is a locally running personal blockchain for Ethereum development you can use to deploy contracts, develop applications, and run tests.

We have added the migration configuration so we are now able to deploy to public blockchains like TomoChain (both testnet and mainnet).

Warning: In production, we highly recommend storing the mnemonic in another secret file (loaded from environment variables or a secure secret management system), to reduce the risk of the mnemonic becoming known. If someone knows your mnemonic, they have all of your addresses and private keys!

Want to try? With npm package dotenv you can load an environment variable from a file .env, — then update your truffle.js to use this secret mnemonic.

Start the migration

You should have your smart contract already compiled. Otherwise, now it’s a good time to do it with truffle compile.

Back in our terminal, migrate the contract to TomoChain testnet network:

truffle migrate --network tomotestnet

The migrations will start…

Starting migrations...
======================
> Network name:    'tomotestnet'
> Network id:      89
> Block gas limit: 840000001_initial_migration.js
======================Deploying 'Migrations'
   ----------------------
   > transaction hash:    0x77d9cdf0fb810fd6cec8a5616a3519e7fa5d42ad07506802f0b6bc10fa9e8619
   > Blocks: 2            Seconds: 4
   > contract address:    0xA3919059C38b1783Ac41C336AAc6438ac5fd639d
   > account:             0xc9b694877AcD4e2E100e095788A591249c38b9c5
   > balance:             27.15156
   > gas used:            284844
   > gas price:           10000 gwei
   > value sent:          0 ETH
   > total cost:          2.84844 ETH> Saving migration to chain.
   > Saving artifacts
   -------------------------------------
   > Total cost:             2.84844 ETH2_deploy_contracts.js
=====================Deploying 'Adoption'
   --------------------
   > transaction hash:    0x1c48f603520147f8eebc984fadc944aa300ceab125cf40f77b1bb748460db272
   > Blocks: 2            Seconds: 4
   > contract address:    0xB4Bb4FebdA9ec02427767FFC86FfbC6C05Da2A73
   > account:             0xc9b694877AcD4e2E100e095788A591249c38b9c5
   > balance:             24.19238
   > gas used:            253884
   > gas price:           10000 gwei
   > value sent:          0 ETH
   > total cost:          2.53884 ETH> Saving migration to chain.
   > Saving artifacts
   -------------------------------------
   > Total cost:             2.53884 ETHSummary
=======
> Total deployments:   2
> Final cost:          5.38728 ETH

The transaction ID is:

0x1c48f603520147f8eebc984fadc944aa300ceab125cf40f77b1bb748460db272

The contract address is:

0xB4Bb4FebdA9ec02427767FFC86FfbC6C05Da2A73

Congratulations! You have already deployed your smart contract to TomoChain. All this in just 8 seconds. We started with 30 TOMO and the deployment has costed 5.38 TOMO in gas fees.

Note: The command to deploy to TomoChain mainnet is very similar: truffle migrate --network tomomainnet

*** Troubleshooting ***

• Error: smart contract creation cost is under allowance. Why? Increasing transaction fees for smart contract creation is one of the ways TomoChain offers to defend against spamming attacks. Solution: edit truffle.js and add more gas/gasPrice to deploy.

• Error: insufficient funds for gas * price + value. Why? You don’t have enough tokens in your wallet for gas fees. Solution: you need more funds in your wallet to deploy, go to faucet and get more tokens.

Check the deployment transaction

If you want to verify that your contract was deployed successfully, you can check on TomoScan testnet (or mainnet). In the search field, type in the transaction ID for your new contract.

You should see details about the transaction, including the block number where the transaction was secured

.​TomoScan transaction

You can also enter your wallet address on the TomoScan search bar. You will find 4 transactions out. Your contract has been successfully deployed to TomoChain.

Congratulations! You’ve deployed your contract to TomoChain using Truffle. You have written your first smart contract and deployed it to a public blockchain. It’s time to interact with our smart contract now to make sure it does what we want.

Testing the smart contract

It is a good idea to test your smart contracts. You can write some tests in the test/ directory and execute with truffle test. Find more details on Truffle’s Pet Shop tutorial.